Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1312 Words

Justin Terhune English Composition Instructor Coleman 30th June 2015 #22 a day 2015Across the US, it is estimated that 22 veterans commit suicide a day. This is a shocking and disturbing number. And what is even more alarming is that this statistic doesn’t include active-duty members. Between January and March of this year 75 active-duty Soldiers have taken their own life. These numbers are from the Pentagon’s quarterly Suicide Event Report. Veterans are returning from an active combat theater and taking their own lives at an alarming rate. Why are so many soldiers committing suicide? There is no real definitive answer on why there has been such a spike in soldier’s suicide. The Pentagon believes that one underlining factor is PTSD, in conjunction to having experienced a TBI. PTSD is an acronym for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and TBI is Traumatic Brain Injury. PTSD has only been accepted and researched in depth for the past thirty years. It came to light five years after the last American boot was withdrawn from Vietnam. During the Vietnam-era, the doctors and their staff were unprepared for the influx of veterans returning from an active theater. They never took an account of their combat experience when the veteran was hospitalized, they didn’t do it for the WWII, or Korean War vets either. A lot of the Psychology and Psychiatric trainees were drafted for the war as well. While the PTSD diagnostic was still in the infancy stages, there reallyShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issuesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1198 Words   |  5 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) is a mental illness that is triggered by witnessing or experiencing a traumatic event. â€Å"PTSD was first brought to public attention in relation to war veterans, but it can result from a variety of traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes(NIMH,2015).† PTSD is recognized as a psychobiological mentalRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1423 Words   |  6 Pages Mental diseases and disorders have been around since humans have been inhabiting earth. The field of science tasked with diagnosing and treating these disorders is something that is always evolving. One of the most prevalent disorders in our society but has only recently been acknowledged is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Proper and professional diagnosis and definitions of PTSD was first introduced by the American Psychiatric Association(APA) in the third edition of the Diagnostic andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Identity, Groups, and PTSD In 1980, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD,) was officially categorized as a mental disorder even though after three decades it is still seen as controversial. The controversy is mainly founded around the relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and politics. The author believes that a group level analysis will assist in understanding the contradictory positions in the debate of whether or not PTSD is a true disorder. The literature regarding this topicRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1780 Words   |  8 Pagesmental illnesses. One such illness is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental illness that affects a person’s sympathetic nervous system response. A more common name for this response is the fight or flight response. In a person not affected by post-traumatic stress disorder this response activates only in times of great stress or life threatening situations. â€Å"If the fight or flight is successful, the traumatic stress will usually be released or dissipatedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesYim – Human Stress 2 December 2014 PTSD in War Veterans Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a condition that is fairly common with individuals that have experienced trauma, especially war veterans. One in five war veterans that have done service in the Iraq or Afghanistan war are diagnosed with PTSD. My group decided to focus on PTSD in war veterans because it is still a controversial part of stressful circumstances that needs further discussion. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD amongst war

The Theories Of Albert Bandura Essay - 834 Words

Albert Bandura is a psychologist who states that behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning. He believes that humans are â€Å"active information processors† and connects their behavior and consequences. He didn t believe that direct reinforcement could lead to any type of learning. Instead, his theory stated that learning occurs simply by observing the actions of others. Children observe any influential models such as parents, teachers, siblings and peers around them. which connects to his theory about how a child is more likely to imitate those people it perceives as similar to itself like those of the same sex. Bandura’s theory describes the majority of what I observed when I went to Montgomery Child Care Association. I arrived there at 9:00 AM as the children were starting to enter the building. The classes were separated by names. The one I was in was called â€Å"The Dinosaur class†. The children began to remove their jackets and hang it in their individual cabinets as they had seen the teachers doing. There were three adults and twenty, two to three year olds. One of the teacher began the day by showing half the kids magic tricks. First, she put glue in a water bottle and put a thick black paper in it. She then began to shake it rapidly. She pulled out the black paper that is now in the form of spiders. The five children observed what she was doing and began to copy her to do the same. The children were very fascinated andShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Albert Bandura889 Words   |  4 Pages The Theories of Albert Bandura I chose to research Albert Bandura. Albert is a contemporary psychologist specializing in development and educational psychology. A lot of his work revolves around the social learning theory. He is one of the most widely- cited psychologists of all time. He was born in Alberta, Canada in a small town of Mundare. He was the youngest of six children, two of his siblings died when they were young one from a hunting accidentRead MoreEssay on The Theories of Albert Bandura804 Words   |  4 PagesThe Theories of Albert Bandura Albert Bandura was influenced by behaviorism while at the University of Iowa studying for his PhD in the early 1950s, he developed his own theories called reciprocal determinism, he believed that not only does the environment influence behavior, but behavior influences the environment, or to put it in his own words ’the world and a persons behavior cause each other‘. Bandura is often considered a ‘father’ of the cognitive movement,Read MoreThe Social Cognitive Theory Of Albert Bandura1012 Words   |  5 PagesThe Social Cognitive Theory of Albert Bandura Albert Bandura is well known for his accomplishments and scientific contributions to the world of psychology. His research has helped to explain how individuals in a society are influenced by other individuals in the same society. It has also helped in understanding how external factors can influence’s ones feelings of self-worth. Albert Bandura was born in Alberta, Canada on December 5, 1925. Throughout his childhood, Bandura was part of a schoolRead MoreAlbert Bandura Social Learning Theory1060 Words   |  5 Pageswith Albert Bandura’s cognitive-behavioral â€Å"Modeling† approach. This research shows that although video game violence may condone aggressive behavior,  it is not  the only factor triggering individuals to act aggressively or perform violent acts.   The â€Å"Modeling† Approach Social Learning Theory In the early 1970’s, Albert Bandura and a team of researchers analyzed behavior and its environmental stimuli. Their groundbreaking conceptual and empirical evidence founded a new socio-cognitive theory of learningRead MoreAlbert Bandura Social Cognitive Theory3359 Words   |  14 PagesAlbert Bandura amp; Social Cognitive Theory Denise A. Vega Liberty University PSYC 341 July 1, 2012 Professor Timothy Bouman Abstract The contributions Albert Bandura made to the understanding of social learning have led to further investigation and new findings. Social Cognitive Theory is Bandura’s greatest contribution to social, cognitive, and abnormal psychology. It has led to a greater understanding of human behavior and how humans learn behavior in a social context. UltimatelyRead MoreThe Theory Of Self Efficacy By Albert Bandura Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesChamberlain Institute of Review Board to the end of February 2017. Theoretical Framework The theory of self-efficacy by Albert Bandura was selected to guide the development of the proposed EBP project. The term self-efficacy describes a person’s belief in his or her ability to effectively carry out a particular task or produce a certain effect (Bandura, 1994). The fundamental argument in the self-efficacy theory is that individuals with a high level of self-efficacy are more likely to perform certainRead MoreApplying the Social Cognitive Theory of Albert Bandura1070 Words   |  5 Pagesin an appeal to Mr. Keller. Im not a good student. Give me P.E. or art over this stuff any day! If we apply Albert Banduras social cognitive theory in her comment I just cant do this writing stuff how does Banduras theory help us to understand Annie? According, the Social Cognitive Theory of Albert Bandura which combines both behavioral and cognitive philosophies to form his theory of modeling, or observational learning states that human personality is an interaction between the e nvironmentRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Theory Of Observational Learning1397 Words   |  6 PagesIntro Today, I will be talking about the famous psychologist Albert Bandura. Who is Albert Bandura We have obviously learned about him in the previous unit, so can anyone refresh our memories of who he is and what did he do. Yes, it’s the guy who conducted the Bobo doll experiment which reflected how children saw the adults beating up the doll, and when the kids went in, they did the same, which proves his theory of observational learning. Also, do you remember the 4 processes of observation:Read MoreAlbert Bandura s Theory Of Radical Behaviorism Theory2011 Words   |  9 Pagesconstructs and theories. Importantly, the condition of parsimony in itself presents a risk, potentially placing an unnecessary limitation, when a more complex explanation may better reflect the overall complex nature of the fundamental underlying concept that is under scrutiny (Epstein, 1984). Albert Bandura s social cognitive theory and B. F. Skinner s theory of radical behaviourism have provided two of the most influential contributions to psychology, and when examining Skinner and Bandura s theoriesRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Social Cognitive Theory926 Words   |  4 Pages did a lot of observing. Every observation and experience helped with his choices of actions. Albert Bandura s Social Cognitive Theory will explain how R.J. s behavior was caused by his past. Albert Bandura s Social Cognitive Theory explains that people develops a skill or habit based on what they observed during social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences (Santrock, 2011). Bandura uses a model to explain the factors and how they connect between the environment, person, and

Superannuation Tax Concessions Poorly Targeted

Question: Discuss about the Superannuation Tax Concessions Poorly Targeted. Answer: Introduction It is considered that any country which possesses a sound taxation system has stable economic growth because it helps the government to collect a sizable income from the citizens of the country in tax. In the previous times, the government needed reasonably low funds as compared to the present scenario due to manifold increase in government functions. The initial requirements were limited only to the security of the citizens. However, in the current times, the responsibilities are much wider and thus, the administration wants sizable funds to dispel these. There are many ways for collection of requisite funds but the most suitable, continuous and appropriate source is through taxation (Treasury, nd). It can be stated on the basis of the above facts that analysis of the present taxation system is imperative in regards to determine the array of the current objectives of the same. A critical analysis will also be conducted in this research essay in order to evaluate the current tax regu lation and status of the tax system in Australia. The relevant suggestions will also be provided to sustain a more sound taxation structure. Central Objectives of the Existing Taxation System The funds collected through taxation are considered the main resource for the government in order to sustain the expenses incurred on the public amenities. However, this taxation system is not simple and thus, not easy to operate because the aim of the government is not limited to collection of revenue. The government has to collect the requisite funds from the taxpayers and meanwhile has to take care that there would not be any overburden on the taxpayers. It is essential on the part of the government to maintain a delicate equilibrium between these two aims in regards to ensure that there would be an effective tax scheme along with satisfaction of taxpayers (Treasury, nd). It is pivotal to review and analyse the tax system in a periodic manner so that the government ascertains whether the respective provisions of the tax system are effectively meeting the goals and objectives. Moreover, the government also makes necessary amendments required to make the tax process more effective a nd cause less tax burden on the residents (ACOSS, 2015). Prudent allocation of the scarce economic resources as per national priorities is another imperative goal of the government, which is essentially carried with the help of differential tax rates applicable. The government varies the tax rate for product to product or service to service as per the consumption pattern or type of the product or service. This is termed as differential tax rate process. The variation in the tax rate (differential tax rate) causes different pattern of the burden on the resident. This can be viewed with the help of an example. If government wants to lower down the consumption of narcotic products (tobacco, cigarettes) in the country, they usually increase the tax burden on such products. Similarly, minimum tax burden on the products or service is incorporated by the government, whose consumption needs to be expanded. These variations in the consumption pattern by the government causes shift in the manufacturing pattern and thus, help the government to utiliz e the economic resources in more effective way (Treasury, nd). Taxation is also essential for lowering the difference between the financial status of the individuals (poor and rich people). The government always wants to reduce this difference and hence, the income of the individuals is redistributed through taxation system. To incorporate this scheme, the government establishes a progressive tax structure, which levies higher tax rate on those individuals with high income level as compared to the poor people. This scheme is essentially for collection of significant portion of the income (tax) from the rich tax residents which then could be utilized to provide the necessary public services to the deprived residents. This progressive tax rate scheme not only brings in high revenues to the government but also improves the purchasing capabilities of the poor individuals (CoA, 2008). The government also has put in place a transfer system, which facilitates the requisite services to the poor people by transferring the significant tax amount to the lo cal or state government to function the same. This tax transfer system supports the needy individuals like children, old age people and handicapped and maintained a social security to them (CoA, 2015). Evaluation of the Current Tax System In a bid to enhance the revenue from taxation, the Federal government has incorporated additional taxes in the tax system particularly the following in the last two decades of the 20th century. Capital gains tax (CGT) Goods and service tax (GST) Mixed results have been obtained from adoption of the new taxes in the system. On one hand, these have led to significant increments in the revenue but on the other hand have contributed to increased complexity in the current tax system. The government has held discussions with the stakeholders to minimize the complexity and streamline the tax system. However, this has not proved to be very effective (ACTU, 2011). This complexity causes very high costs (billions of dollars in terms of compliance cost) for the potential taxpayers and thus adversely impacts their willingness to pay taxes besides enhancing the overall burden. The below illustrated graph provides an overview about the average filling cost by the Australian taxpayers in the past decade (CoA, 2015). The compliance costs have sharply increased during the time period 2000-2010. The government has lost some financial resources in the form of compliance costs. Moreover, the taxpayers are not willingly supporting the tax regime due to high compliance cost and hence try to find ways to escape tax liability. It has also been observed that the obscurity in the tax system causes negative effects in regards to fulfilling the central objectives of government (ACOSS, 2015). This is apparent in the form of tax incentives such as CGT exemption and negative gearing provided for enabling affordable housing for the poor. These kinds of provisions are most of the time counter-productive as the rich individuals invest in real estate, which causes boom in price of the houses by enhancing the overall demand. Thereby, the poor persons are unable to purchase the house and even cannot afford to rent a house. Further, the wealthy individuals affordability of houses is not adversely impacted. There are two major consequences of this provision especially faced by the Federal Government. The first is that the government has issued significant tax expenditure and thus, results in huge loss of revenues running into billions of dollars. Additionally, the house affordability is adversely impacted and house rents keep on climbing as a result of which the government has to provide incremental rent assistance to the downtrodden (ACOSS, 2015). The IMF suggests that in order to achieve a sound system of taxation, one should reduce the tax expenditure because inappropriate tax expenditure causes erosion of its efficiency in the tax system. However, the recommendation proposed by the IMFs has not been adopted by the Australian policymakers and thus results in high tax expenditure. The below mentioned graph illustrates the high tax expenditure incorporated by the Australian government as compared to the other countries (Thornbill, 2015). On the basis of the above facts, it can be cited that the current taxation and transfer system of the Australian government is quite complicated and has failed to do justice with the respective central objectives of taxation system as discussed earlier. Recommendations It has been found that there are many taxes in the current taxation regime which have very limited contribution to the tax revenue but cause significant complexity in the tax system. Therefore, it is essential to lower down such taxes and focus only on those taxes, which have high contribution to the tax revenues. It has considered that there are four basic taxes, which leads to approximately 90% of the total tax revenues. Thereby, the central aim of the government should be to sustain these taxes more efficiently. These four basic taxes are as highlighted below (Treasury, 2013). Tax imposed on income of the taxpayers i.e. both individuals and businesses Rent tax particularly for usage of state held economic resources in the form of royalty Goods and service tax (GST) Capital gains tax ( CGT) Further, taxes rather than the above mentioned taxes must be eliminated in order to make effective and simple tax system. The other critical aspect is to minimise the excessive compliance costs.. It has found that in regards to resolve the above issue, one should increase the maximum limit on individual tax exception to $25,000. The amount of compliance costs are much higher than the tax amount paid by the taxpayers whose, income is lesser than the above mentioned amount. Hence, the end result is counter productive (ACTU, 2011). In the process of simplifying the tax system, the government should sanction the offsets. Also, the respective payments of the employees should be decided on the basis of the benchmark rate. Additionally, reasonable participation payments need to be extended to the concerned labour force, which are not being able to participate. The collected tax revenue must be offered to the specified population based on the various threshold limits. Moreover, the transfer system should be automatic indexed to inflation so as to ensure that the transfer payments take into consideration the co st of living (CoA, 2015). It is pivotal to reduce the corporate tax rate gradually from 30% to 25% in order to sustain significant investment and ventures in Australia. The requisite modification and review is required in the dividend assertion policy with reference to corresponding policies in the OECD countries (BCA, 2014). It is essential to reduce the additional tax revenue losses which would be incurred by reduction in corporate tax rate and thus, must be counterbalanced with the rationalisation of the tax expenses. The net tax can be enhanced by increasing the female contribution, which can be improved by providing low cost (affordable) child care services for all category individuals. Diversification in the human resources also needs to be improved, which can be obtained by providing the financial help and several employment opportunities to the disabled, skilled and disadvantaged group of individuals (CoA, 2008). The existing transfer system must be modified, which includes the pension distribution system, family assistance scheme and so on. In the modern age, asset testing technique is used to extend the pension and the respective allowance to the population, which at times is inappropriate. Thus, effective steps must be taken for the family assistance policies, which contains the fair transfer of the fund to the needy and has to be distributed as per the age group and necessity of the children (CoA, 2008). It is noteworthy that there are several incompetent taxes in the current state tax structure. Further, there is inadequacy on imposing GST especially on the monetary services and thus, need to be replaced by a specified monetary services tax. This can be implemented with support of the concerned parties and authorities. The respective payment system must be substituted with the source rent tax with a rate of 40% per annum (Treasury, 2013). These are essential recommendations for the bette rment of the existing taxation and tax transfer system. These measures would enlarge the annual tax revenue along with lowering the tax burden on the Australian taxpayers. Conclusion It can be concluded on the basis of the stated arguments and research analysis that the existing tax and tax transfer system has several objectives, which include fair and effective distribution of the economic resources, enlargement of the tax revenue, efficient redistribution of the income along with the dispersion of the funds to the needy and helpless group of individuals. Based on the analysis, it can be cited that the existing taxation system is considerably complex and is overburdening for the taxpayers. Moreover, the system at times is inefficient in order to satisfy the objectives of the government. Therefore, it is essential to adopt the requisite amendments in the existing taxation and tax transfer system to make it more simplified and effective. References ACTU 2011, Paying our Way: Personal income tax in Australia. Australia Tax Paper No.4 , pp. 4-37 BCA 2014, The future of tax, Business Council of Australia, Available online from www.bca.com.au/.../Future_of_Tax_Australias_Current_Tax_System_FI (Accessed on December 5, 2016) CoA 2008, Architecture of Australias tax and transfer system, Commonwealth of Australia, Available online from https://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content downloads/report/architecture_of_australias_tax_and_transfer_system_revised.pdf (Accessed on December 5, 2016) CoA 2015, Tax Discussion Paper, Commonwealth of Australia, Available online from https://bettertax.gov.au/files/2015/03/TWP_combined-online.pdf (Accessed on December 5, 2016) Treasury nd, 2.4 The objectives of taxation, Australian Government, Available online from https://comparativetaxation.treasury.gov.au/content/report/html/04_Chapter_2-03.asp (Accessed on December 5, 2016) Treasury 2013, 2.10 Administration of the tax?transfer system, Australian Government, Available online from https://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/Paper.aspx?doc=html/publications/papers/report/section_2-10.htm (Accessed on December 5, 2016) ACOSS 2015, Fuel on the Fire, Australian Council of Social Service, Available online from https://www.acoss.org.au/images/uploads/Fuel_on_the_fire.pdf (Accessed on December 5, 2016) Smith, L. 2015, Superannuation tax concessions poorly targeted: ACOSS, Sole Purpose Test Blog, Available online from https://www.solepurposetest.com/news/superannuation-tax-concessions-poorly-targeted/ (Accessed on December 5, 2016) Smith, G. 2013, Australian tax reform: Post-Henry, CEDA Council on Economic Policy, Available online from https://adminpanel.ceda.com.au/FOLDERS/Service/Files/Documents/15436~gregsmith_ccep032013_web2.pdf (Accessed on December 5, 2016) Thornbill, A. 2015, Our tax systems not so progressive ACOSS, Private Briefing Website, Available online from https://privatebriefing.com.au/2015/01/24/our-tax-systems-not-so-progressive-acoss/ (Accessed on December 5, 2016)