The Science Of Human Cloning - 843 Words

The science of human cloning is one of the most fascinating entities of the 21st-century biology. The announcement of a cloned sheep ignited an international debate in the late 1990s; two and half decades later, the debate is still very much alive (Li 1-2). The researchers at the Roslin Institute, Scotland, announced that they had fruitfully cloned an adult mammal (Caplan 1-3). The procedure used in cloning is called somatic cell nuclear transfer. It involves the transfer of the genetic code from the cell of an adult organism into an enucleated organism egg. Over the years, the science of cloning has found widespread application including human experiments. Ethicists, theologians, scientists, physicians, legislators, and concerned citizens have intensely debated the idea cloning from multivariate viewpoints. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission has reviewed with respect to its implications. It has come up with findings that of interest in this essay, top most being the increase d potential of misuse of cloning by rogue scientists. A huge number of scientists are not necessarily interested in producing human clones; their primary goal is to use some exceedingly young embryos to obtain cloned human cells capable of curing diseases. There is no doubt that cloning provides an array medical possibilities, including transplanting of vital organs damaged during an accident. Another possible scenario would be the supposition that a person would become sick with a disease thatShow MoreRelated Human Cloning: Science or Madness? Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Cloning: Science or Madness?      Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite evidence that nearly all cloned animals are plagued by significant genetic abnormalities, two scientist groups have announced their plans to impregnate women with cloned embryos, each proposing to create the worlds first cloned human being.    Clones are created by injecting genetic material from a single cell of one person is into an egg cell that has had its genes removed. The cell is then stimulated to act like a fertilized egg andRead More The Science and the Laws Impacting Human Cloning Essay5866 Words   |  24 PagesThe Science and the Laws Impacting Human Cloning Human cloning, long the subject of science fiction, is today a practical reality. Recent breakthroughs, most renowned the cloning of a sheep from an adult cell in Scotland in 1997, have caused the world to acknowledge that human cloning is indeed possible. Governments around the world immediately attempted to address the issue of human cloning, with varying levels of success. At the same time the pace of cloning technology continuedRead MoreTaking a Look at Human Cloning1067 Words   |  4 Pagesin 1665 brought a huge development in science and also led to another striking discovery: copying cells; in other words, cloning. It did not take a long time for scientists to understand that the same qualified organisms could be created by using and copying cells. After the first successful mammal cloning, Dolly the sheep in 1997, science world was proud, but not satisfied yet. Curiosity and enthusiasm manipulated scientists to reach the climax of the cloning history with an astonishing, but a riskyRead MoreDifferent Views on Cloning Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesWhen people think of the word cloning they think of evil scientist in a dark laboratory’s full of dangerous and scary instruments of science for conducting experiments, when actually the word clone means, â€Å"a cell, cell product, or organism that is genetically identical to the unit or individual from which it was derived (Dictionary.com).† In the past 50 years the science community has made many discoveries such as the cures for different life threatening diseases, different techniques of approachingRead MoreThe Use Of Genetics And Reproduction Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of genetics and reproduction sciences has been an ongoing debate for years. Some argue that the use of genetics and reproduction sciences are unjust, unethical and inhumane. The other side of the debate argues that the use of such sciences is a â€Å"life saver†, that it will improve medi cal advancements, health, and society. Genetics and reproduction sciences are used for informing individuals about possible outcomes, abnormalities, and genes of current and future pregnancies. Genetic testingRead MoreCloning Pros And Cons Of Cloning1147 Words   |  5 Pages Cloning Pros Cons Nicole Hedrick Baker College HSC 402A /Dr. Eric Oestmann/Seminar Two Position/Argument Essayâ€Æ' Abstract A clone is where two organisms share the same exact DNA. These two organisms are the same identical replica of each other. In the past, cloning has taken place naturally. For instance, a couple who naturally conceived and gave birth to identical twins or triplets. Today, science and technology has been introduced to where cloning can intentionally be done. Some peopleRead MoreTaking a Look at Cloning1043 Words   |  4 Pagesusually found in older sheep. This raised the suspicion that cloning may or may not be connected with certain diseases that may be abnormal to mammals in a young stage in their life. After the successful cloning of Dolly, scientists have attempted to clone other mammals such as dogs, pigs, cows, and cats. Recent study has brought the discussion on whether or not our science is advanced enough to clone human beings. Although cloning human beings can lead to medical discoveries and breakthroughs, doesRead MoreEssay on Science I-search1613 Words   |  7 Page sScience I-search When the word scientist is mentioned, the public most commonly accepts this word in a positive sense. Scientists are known to find the cure for diseases and heal people through their research. Not until the genetic revolution have scientists been shunned and viewed as malevolent to the community. When the term genetic revolution is used, I am pertaining mainly to the issue of cloning. After the new discovery by Scottish researchers, who were responsible for creating the sheepRead MoreEssay on The Reality of Human Cloning667 Words   |  3 PagesThe Reality of Human Cloning As aptly put by Rosa Beddington, the word â€Å"clone† has become one of the most emotive of all the terms coined by scientists which have entered popular vocabulary. I shall add another, and that will be the phrase â€Å"Dolly the sheep†. The conception of Dolly, the â€Å"baby† of scientist Ian Wilmut and his team has opened the possibility of cloning humans. The mention of Dolly brings to average the person, haunting connotations of â€Å"future replicas of living megalomaniacsRead More Human Cloning Should be Permitted Essay example1371 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Cloning Should be Permitted What would you say if I told you that scientists had just developed a new procedure that could lead not only to the cure for cancer, but would provide an unlimited source of organ donors and could lead to the first effective treatment of nerve damage? Now adding on to this scenario lets say that our government was taking action to ban this new procedure because of a few myths and some loud mouthed conservatives. This scenario is true and is taking place

Larry Lasalle in the Book Heroes Essay - 998 Words

The Character Larry LaSalle in the book Heroes In the book Heroes by Robert Cormier Larry LaSalle is a mysterious and shady character who often controls the others in the book even when it would seem he was in a hopelessly weak position. However he is popular and stands out from the crowd and ran a popular youth club for teens. He was also a decorated war hero, who, like Francis Joseph Cassavant, had won a Silver Star medal for bravery. However little is known about his previous life (lives?). In chapter five, Larry LaSalle is portrayed, in stark contrast to the rest of the book, as a Good Samaritan, who helps out at the local youth club regularly an runs events such as sport tournaments and dances, often himself competing but†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"We can’t let the Japs get away with this,† he said, anger we had never seen before flashing in his eyes. As we were about to cheer his announcement he held up his hand â€Å" None of that, Kids I’m just doing what millions of others are doing.† This shows why Nicole was afraid to speak out about the things Larry LaSalle had done, any why no one would believe her anyway if she did. The many rhetorical questions in the book are placed to make you think, what would you do if you were Francis, playing a cruel mind game you cannot possibly hope ton win against Larry LaSalle â€Å"What’s on more death after the others in the villages and fields in France?† .The author, Robert Cormier uses this type of language to make you think and imagine Francis Cassavant’s impossible and unenviable position thought much of the story in their head. Larry LaSalle had a very big impact upon the plot of the story even though he was only actually in the book, other than in Francis’s head for a very short time. This is shown by the maybes at the end. â€Å"Maybe I should†¦ maybe I should†¦ maybe I should †¦Ã¢â‚¬  this. The bell very near the end of the book â€Å"the bell rings, freezing us together for a moment† is a clever device used by the author to convey three meanings all of them caused by Larry. The end of the life of Larry LaSalle, The end of Nicole’s love for Francis and the end of all the plans FrancisShow MoreRelatedNo Such Thing as a Hero in the Novel, Heroes by Robert Cormier1485 Words   |  6 Pages‘No one in the novel can actually be seen as a hero.’ To what extent do you agree? In the novel ‘Heroes’ it is shown that there is no such thing as a real hero, because everyone has a weakness, Cormier uses Larry LaSalle, Francis Cassavannt and the veterans as a way to convey this message. The protagonist Francis is portrayed as having both heroic and cowardly personality; this forces the reader to consider what makes a real hero. To some people a hero might be someone with great strength or abilityRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Heroes By Robert Cormier890 Words   |  4 Pageslive, but not want to be recognized as a hero? In the book â€Å"Heroes† by Robert Cormier, the main character, Francis Cassavant, does just that. Francis Joseph Cassavant is a shy boy with a very low esteem and a hatred for himself causing him to become a suicidal character. Francis is a young boy when he believes that he is good a nothing. He is extremely shy and won’t try any new actives. But then he meets Larry LaSalle. At the rec center Larry invites Francis to try something. Francis was scaredRead MoreHeroes Character Analysis3624 Words   |  15 PagesWho is Nicole Renard? Nicole Renard is an innocent young girl who is not only Francis’ first and only love but also the victim of Larry LaSalle. Can I critically respond to the text, ‘Heroes’? (AO1) I must generally refer to relevant aspects of Heroes I should discuss thoroughly and increasingly thoughtfully characters/relationships I could consider and suggest experimental ideas and judgements; Quotation ‘That would be nice.’ Means? When she agrees to go to the cinema with Francis she transformsRead MoreAn Outline of Heroes5501 Words   |  23 PagesHeroes – Robert Cormier Key Quotations Chapter 1 – page 1 â€Å"My name is Francis Joseph Cassavant and I have just returned to Frenchtown in Monument and the war is over and I have no face.† ï  ® Establishes the setting ï  ® Introduces narrator in first person ï  ® Surprising statement creates mystery Chapter 1 – page 1 â€Å"Oh, I have eyes†¦ but no ears to speak of, just bits of dangling flesh. But that’s fine, like Dr Abrams says†¦ He was joking, of course.† ï  ® Conversational style of address ï  ® CreatesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOne Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. JudgeRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the

Cow Free Essays

Cattle (colloquially cows) are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius. Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (oxen or bullocks) (pulling carts, plows and the like). We will write a custom essay sample on Cow or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other products include leather and dung for manure or fuel. In some countries, such as India, cattle are sacred. From as few as 80 progenitors domesticated in southeast Turkey about 10,500 years ago,[2] an estimated 1. 3 billion cattle are in the world today. [3] In 2009, cattle became the first livestock animal to have a fully mapped genome. [4] SpeciesMain article: Bovini Cattle were originally identified as three separate species: Bos taurus, the European or â€Å"taurine† cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia); Bos indicus, the zebu; and the extinct Bos primigenius, the aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle. Recently, these three have increasingly been grouped as one species, with Bos primigenius taurus, Bos primigenius indicus and Bos primigenius primigenius as the subspecies. [5] Zubron, a cross between wisent and cattleComplicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle, Bos taurus africanus), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the genus Bos – yaks (the dzo or yattle[6]), banteng, and gaur. Hybrids such as the beefalo breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus Bos, as well. [7] The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious – for example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the only taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak. [8] However, cattle cannot successfully be hybridized with more distantly related bovines such as water buffalo or African buffalo. The aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last known individual died in Masovia, Poland, in about 1627. [9] Breeders have attempted to recreate cattle of similar appearance to aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, creating the Heck cattle breed. Word origin†Cattle† did not originate as the term for bovine animals. It was borrowed from Old French catel, itself from Latin caput, head, and originally meant movable personal property, especially livestock of any kind, as opposed to real property (the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals such as chickens — they were sold as part of the land). [10] The word is closely related to â€Å"chattel† (a unit of personal property) and â€Å"capital† in the economic sense. [11][12] The term replaced earlier Old English feoh â€Å"cattle, property† (cf. German: Vieh, Gothic: faihu). The word â€Å"cow† came via Anglo-Saxon cu (plural c? ), from Common Indo-European g? ous (genitive g? wes) = â€Å"a bovine animal†, compare Persian gav, Sanskrit go, Welsh buwch. [citation needed] The genitive plural of cu is c? na, which gave the now archaic English plural of â€Å"kine†. The Scots language singular is coo or cou, and the plural is â€Å"kye†. In older English sources such as the Ki ng James Version of the Bible, â€Å"cattle† refers to livestock, as opposed to â€Å"deer† which refers to wildlife. â€Å"Wild cattle† may refer to feral cattle or to undomesticated species of the genus Bos. Today, when used without any other qualifier, the modern meaning of â€Å"cattle† is usually restricted to domesticated bovines. citation needed] Terminology Look up cattle or cow in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A Hereford bullIn general, the same words are used in different parts of the world, but with minor differences in the definitions. The terminology described here contrasts the differences in definition between the United Kingdom and other British-influenced parts of world such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and the United States. [13] An â€Å"intact† (i. e. , not castrated) adult male is called a bull. A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a â€Å"micky† in Australia. 14] An unbranded bovine of either sex i s called a â€Å"maverick† in the USA and Canada. An adult female that has had a calf (or two, depending on regional usage) is a cow. A young female before she has had a calf of her own[15] and is under three years of age is called a heifer ( /? h? f? r/ HEF-? r). [16] A young female that has had only one calf is occasionally called a first-calf heifer. Young cattle of both sexes are called calves until they are weaned, then weaners until they are a year old in some areas; in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as feeder calves or simply feeders. After that, they are referred to as yearlings or stirks[17] if between one and two years of age. [18] A castrated male is called a steer in the United States; older steers are often called bullocks in other parts of the world,[19] but in North America this term refers to a young bull. Piker bullocks are micky bulls that were caught, castrated and then later lost. [14] In Australia, the term â€Å"Japanese ox† is used for grain-fed steers in the weight range of 500 to 650 kg that are destined for the Japanese meat trade. [20] In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers. Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer known as a stag in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. [21] In some countries, an incompletely castrated male is known also as a rig. A castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft purposes is called an ox (plural oxen); â€Å"ox† may also be used to refer to some carcass products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood, oxtail, or ox-liver. [16] A springer is a cow or heifer close to calving. [22] In all cattle species, a female twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex, and is a freemartin. Neat (horned oxen, from which neatsfoot oil is derived), beef (young ox) and beefing (young animal fit for slaughtering) are obsolete terms, although poll, pollard or polled cattle are still terms in use for naturally hornless animals, or in some areas also for those that have been disbudded. Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the older term beef (plural beeves) is still used to refer to an animal of either sex. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British people use the term beast, especially for single animals when the sex is unknown. 23] Cattle of certain breeds bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle;[13] a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually bovine. The terms â€Å"bull†, â€Å"cow† and â€Å"calf† are also used by extension to denote the sex or age of other large animals, including whales, hippopotamuses, camels, elk and elephants See also: List of animal names Singular terminology issue A herd of CattleCattle can only be used in the plural and not in the singular: it is a plurale tantum. 24] Thus one may refer to â€Å"three cattle† or â€Å"some cattle†, but not â€Å"one cattle†. No universally used singular form in modern English of â€Å"cattle† exists, other than the sex- and age-specific terms such as cow, bull, steer and heifer. Historically, â€Å"ox† was not a sex-specific term for adult cattle, but generally this is now used only for draft cattle, especially adult castrated males. The term is also incorporated into the names of other species, such as the musk ox and â€Å"grunting ox† (yak), and is used in some areas to describe certain cattle products such as ox-hide and oxtail. 25] A Brahman calf†Cow† is in general use as a singular for the collectiv e â€Å"cattle†, despite the objections by those who insist it to be a female-specific term. Although the phrase â€Å"that cow is a bull† is absurd from a lexicographic standpoint, the word â€Å"cow† is easy to use when a singular is needed and the sex is unknown or irrelevant – when â€Å"there is a cow in the road†, for example. Further, any herd of fully mature cattle in or near a pasture is statistically likely to consist mostly of cows, so the term is probably accurate even in the restrictive sense. Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated as calves and slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Thus, in a pastured herd, any calves or herd bulls usually are clearly distinguishable from the cows due to distinctively different sizes and clear anatomical differences. Merriam-Webster, a US dictionary, recognizes the sex-nonspecific use of â€Å"cow† as an alternate definition,[26] whereas Collins, a UK dictionary, does not. [27] Colloquially, more general nonspecific terms may denote cattle when a singular form is needed. Australian, New Zealand and British farmers use the term â€Å"beast† or â€Å"cattle beast†. â€Å"Bovine† is also used in Britain. The term â€Å"critter† is common in the western United States and Canada, particularly when referring to young cattle. [28] In some areas of the American South (particularly the Appalachian region), where both dairy and beef cattle are present, an individual animal was once called a â€Å"beef critter†, though that term is becoming archaic. How to cite Cow, Papers

Medicine and Health Medical

Questions: This Continuing Professional Development for the role of pharmacist Reflection: 1. What do you need to learn? 2. How is this learning relevant to the safe and effective practice of pharmacy? 3. Why do you think that this learning may be useful for your future practice? 4. What have you learnt? 5. Give an example of how what you have learned could be applied to patient care in your future role as a pharmacist 6. What have been benefits of these activities to your learning? Answers: 1. As a pharmacist, I need to learn about Glaucoma I found that glaucoma is the second most common reason behind the blindness in worldwide and Europe is no exception. I also came to know that glaucoma could cause irreversible blindness, which means people can become blind due to glaucoma and they could never get back their eyesight again. Therefore, being a future pharmacist I need to learn details about the pathology of glaucoma. I need to learn about the level of intraocular pressure (IOP), which is directly related to the cell death of retinal ganglion. I should learn about the target age of primary open angle glaucoma. I need to understand the factors on which progress of the disease is hugely dependent. Such factors are the age of the patient when he or she is attacked by glaucoma, difference between visual function when the patient is diagnosed as well as age-matched controls. In addition, I also need to learn about closed angle glaucoma, which accounts for more than 50% of blindness in all over the world. I need to learn deta ils about the closed angle glaucoma since, it is considered as most visually destructive type of glaucoma. Apart from this, I also need to learn about the symptoms of glaucoma, such as blurring of vision, redness, pain in eye, vomiting and nausea. 2. This learning is relevant to the safe and effective practice for pharmacy The second most common reason behind the blindness is glaucoma. Therefore, I believe that it is important to learn details about glaucoma. My acquired knowledge about glaucoma is helpful to determine the differences between Open angle glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma. This knowledge is helpful to learn different diagnostics process of Open angled glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma. In addition, I came to learn about different treatment techniques used in these two types of glaucoma. This acquired knowledge in the future will help me to provide safe treatment to the patients, who are suffering from glaucoma. I learnt about the IOP-lowering drugs and its correct dosages, which are helpful to treat the patient with primary open angled glaucoma. I learnt about Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT), which helped me to enrich my knowledge about the effective pharmacy practice in the context of glaucoma. On the other hand, from EGC and NICE guideline I learnt about the minimum dosage of me dicines to treat patients with glaucoma. Therefore, my detailed knowledge about EGS and NICE guidelines helped me to provide effective and safe treatment to the glaucoma patients. My knowledge about monotherapy helps me to use minimum amount of drug to the patient to achieve the best result, which is safe for the health of a patient. If monotherapy fails to achieve the goal, then use of second drug can be proved as beneficial to help the patients. 3. This learning is useful for my future practice This learning is helpful in my future practice, since this study enables me to gather detailed knowledge about glaucoma, which is the second most reason to the blindness of people in all over the world. The detailed knowledge of diagnosis of open angle glaucoma and close angle glaucoma will be helpful to diagnose patients properly. I gathered a profound knowledge about the right doses of medicines, which will help me in future to prescribe medicine to the patients according to their needs. While understanding the medicines used to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), I came to know about many medicines that can help patients to cure from eye diseases. However, I also learnt about some drugs, which are used in treatments, but may have an adverse effect on the patients or the patients may experience side effects of those drugs. Such as Bezalkonium, this is widely used as preservative in eye-drops, but has the potentiality to damage the ocular surface. This useful piece of information ena bles me to take proper measures in future before administrating any eye-drops to the patients. I observed that most of patients with glaucoma are also suffering from ocular surface disease. Therefore, I assume my profound knowledge about the components used in medicines and its side effects will enable me in future to administer proper medicine to the patients. 4. My learning outcome I went through detail about glaucoma, which I think is an important lesson of my study to build my career as a pharmacist. From the deep research about glaucoma, I learnt that glaucoma can cause blindness, which is irreversible that means blindness caused by glaucoma cannot be cured. I learnt that there are two types of glaucoma generally occur among common people, one is open angle glaucoma and close angle glaucoma. The detailed knowledge of diagnosis of open angle glaucoma and close angle glaucoma is helpful to diagnose patients properly. Therefore, I learnt about the pathophysiology of this disease. I also learned about the proper diagnose system to detect glaucoma. I found that close angle glaucoma could cause more damage than open angle glaucoma. If intraocular pressure (IOP) is not dealt promptly at primary stage then it can result into close angle glaucoma. The symptoms of close angle glaucoma are, blurring of vision, redness, pain in eye, vomiting and nausea; these are consid ered as a medical emergency and require urgent medical treatment. While understanding the medicines used in glaucoma treatment, I discovered there are many drugs that can have reverse effect on eye sight and cause ocular surface disease. However, in pharmacological treatment I found several drugs that can help glaucoma patients, such as- Oral glycerol, which is used to remove the fluid from the posterior chamber and thus used in the treatment of close angle glaucoma. Use of Corticosteroids in this treatment is also proved as beneficial. Apart from this Acetazolamide (intravenously or orally, 10mg/kg), Pilocarpine (2% eye drops) can also be used in the treatment of the patient suffering from close angle glaucoma. 5. An example of how my acquired knowledge could be applied to patient care in my future role as a pharmacist From my study, I have acquired a profound knowledge about glaucoma, its diagnosis and proper treatment. As a future pharmacist, I presume that my knowledge will help me out to diagnose properly a patient with glaucoma. Glaucoma is a threatening disease to humanity since, blindness caused by glaucoma is irreversible and beyond treatment. Therefore, I think it is important to diagnose and detect glaucoma in its early stages. I think that with my acquired knowledge I will be able to detect the symptoms of glaucoma and diagnose the patient in a proper way. On the other hand, I learned in detail about the possible medications that can be administered in the patients with glaucoma. This will help me in future to administer proper medicine to the patients. I also learnt about the pharmacological treatment and dosage of medicine that can be used while administrating medicines to the patients. I followed the NICE and EGS guidelines, which in turn enabled me to apply monitherapy to the patient s at their first stage of glaucoma. According to the guideline minimum dosage of medicine need to be administered to the patients, since most of the drugs have side effects and can cause ocular surface disease. 6. The benefits of these activities in my learning While studying about glaucoma I discovered that the information about glaucoma disease is beneficial for my career since this disease is the second most reason behind blindness in all over the world. I learnt details about the diagnosis of this disease and its treatment procedure. I learnt about the symptoms of this disease, such as blurring of vision, redness, pain in eye, vomiting and nausea, which are considered as a medical emergency. I also learnt about some drugs, which are used in treatment, but may have an adverse effect on the patients or the patients may experience side effects of those drugs. Such as Bezalkonium, a preservative in eye drops can cause ocular surface disease. I gathered knowledge about the pharmacological treatment of glaucoma and I learnt that the use of Corticosteroids in this treatment is proved as beneficial. Apart from Corticosteroids, Acetazolamide (intravenously or orally, 10mg/kg), Pilocarpine (2% eye drops) can also be used in the treatment of the p atient suffering from close angle glaucoma. These details about drugs helped me to enrich my knowledge as a future pharmacist. As a pharmacist, my role is not just to administer proper medicine to the patient but help them to recover from their painful situation. Therefore I encouraged myself more to follow the NICE guideline, which helped me to enrich my knowledge about the treatment of glaucoma.